Botanical Overview
Cashew (Anacardium occidentale) is a flowering plant in the Anacardiaceae family. Traditional medicine systems have documented several valuable applications for this species, supported by its observed therapeutic effects. The cashew family (Anacardiaceae) includes trees and shrubs with resinous bark and leaves containing phenolic compounds such as urushiol, which can cause contact dermatitis. The flowers are small and clustered, and the fruits are often drupes with a resinous or oily seed. Many species have traditional uses for their oils and resins.
General Description
It is the source of the cashew nut and the cashew apple. The tree can grow as tall as 14 meters.
Family Context
The Anacardiaceae family is primarily tropical and subtropical. Notable medicinal members include:
- Mango — 80 documented uses
- Mastic — 43 documented uses
- California Peppertree — 43 documented uses
- Yellow Mombin — 40 documented uses
Geographic Distribution
Cashew has been recorded in 10 countries and territories worldwide, including Benin, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, French Guiana, and others.
Traditional Uses
Cashew has been traditionally used for digestive health, respiratory conditions, and skin and wound care, among other applications.
Digestive health.
- Diarrhea
- Dysentery
- Dyspepsia
- Purgative
For digestive complaints, the herb is typically prepared as a tea or decoction taken before meals. The bitter compounds stimulate digestive secretions and improve nutrient absorption. Some traditions use the powdered root or leaves in small doses as a stomachic tonic.
Respiratory conditions.
- Asthma
- Cold
- Cough
Respiratory conditions are addressed through steam inhalation of the herb’s vapors or internal use as a warm tea. The hot infusion acts as an expectorant, helping to loosen phlegm and clear congestion. Some traditions combine it with honey for coughs.
Skin and wound care.
- Leprosy
- Skin
- Burn
For skin conditions, the fresh or dried plant is applied topically as a poultice, wash, or compress. A strong decoction can be used to clean wounds and sores. The antimicrobial properties help prevent infection while promoting tissue repair.
Active Compounds
Phytochemical research has identified 30 compounds in this species, including a diverse array of phytochemical classes (see the Complete Chemical Inventory below for the full list).
The identified compounds include the following categories:
- Phenolic: antioxidant compounds that neutralize free radicals
- Sterol: cholesterol-like compounds with anti-inflammatory properties
- Alkaloid: nitrogenous compounds with diverse pharmacological activities