Before we begin: Postpartum (post-pregnancy) depression can begin anytime within the first.
This tutorial walks you through everything you need to know about postpartum depression. We explain it in plain language, step by step, so whether you are a student, a patient, or simply curious, you will come away with a solid understanding.
We cover what it is, why it matters, how it is diagnosed, and what you can do about it. Key facts are called out along the way.
What is postpartum depression? Having a baby can be exciting, but it can also be stressful and bring many strong emotions. During the postpartum period, which is the time after you give birth, you may have mood swings, crying spells, or feel anxious. These feelings are common and are often called the postpartum “baby blues”. The baby blues usually go away within a few days to a week.
If your symptoms are more severe and last longer than two weeks, you may have postpartum depression.
Postpartum depression is a common but serious mood disorder that can begin anytime within the first year after childbirth. Without treatment, symptoms may make it hard to care for your baby or manage daily tasks.
What causes postpartum depression? The exact cause is unknown, but postpartum depression likely results from a combination of factors, including:
Sudden changes in hormone levels after pregnancy
Physical changes, such as dropping thyroid hormone levels
Lifestyle factors, such as fatigue, lack of sleep, limited support, or recent stressful events
Who is at risk for postpartum depression? Anyone can develop postpartum depression after childbirth. You might be at higher risk if you:
Have a history of depression, bipolar disorder, or a family health history of these conditions
Had a multiple birth (twins, triplets, or more)
Gave birth while in your teens
Had health problems during pregnancy
Had preterm labor or other complications during childbirth
Have a baby with special needs
Have ever experienced domestic violence
Are dealing with financial stress
Had an unplanned pregnancy
What are the symptoms of postpartum depression? Postpartum depression symptoms are more intense and last longer than the baby blues.
Symptoms may include:
Feeling sad or empty most of the time
Eating too much or too little
Sleeping too much or too little
Crying more than usual or for no clear reason
Feeling unusually angry
Pulling away from family and friends
Feeling worried or anxious often
Feeling little or no interest in your baby
Constant doubts about your ability to care for your baby
Thinking of harming yourself or your baby
If you have thoughts about suicide, or hurting yourself or your baby get help right away:
Call 911 or go to your local emergency room
Contact a crisis hotline. In the United States, you can reach the National Suicide and Crisis Lifeline at any time:
Call or text 988
Chat online with Lifeline Chat
TTY users: Use your preferred relay service or dial 711 then 988
Veterans can contact the Veterans Crisis Line:
Call 988, then press 1
Text 838255
Chat online
Call your mental health provider or other health care provider
Reach out to a loved one or close friend
If these symptoms begin during pregnancy and continue after childbirth, it’s called perinatal depression. Without treatment, it can affect bonding with your baby and may contribute to feeding or sleeping problems.
Very rarely, a new mother may develop postpartum psychosis, a medical emergency. Symptoms may include confusion, hallucinations (seeing or hearing things that aren’t real), or dangerous behaviors. Call 911 or go to the nearest emergency room right away if this happens.
How is postpartum depression diagnosed? Your provider may diagnose postpartum depression using:
Screening questions or questionnaires, such as those about your mood, sleep, and thoughts.
A clinical evaluation based on your symptoms.
Blood tests, if needed, to check for physical conditions such as thyroid disorders, that can cause or worsen depression.
What is the treatment for postpartum depression? If you think you have postpartum depression, talk with your provider. Treatments may include:
Medicines, including antidepressants
Talk therapy (counseling)
Tell your provider if you are breastfeeding so they can choose the safest treatment options.
Along with these treatment options, there are things you can do at home that may help you feel better, such as:
Asking for help with caring for the baby and household chores
Taking time for yourself
Getting physical activity, such as walking
Resting when the baby rests
Can postpartum depression be prevented? You may be able to lower your risk for postpartum depression by:
Talking with your provider during pregnancy about any history of depression
Completing recommended screening questionnaires during pregnancy and after birth
Getting support from family, friends, or support groups
Attending early Physical changes so symptoms can be found and treated as soon as possible
Dept. of Health and Human Services Office on Women’s Health
Also known as: Post-pregnancy depression.
Related topics: Baby Blues.
Categories: Women, Mental Health and Behavior, Pregnancy and Reproduction.
Source: National Institutes of Health — National Institute of Mental Health.
Key Takeaways
Understanding postpartum depression is an important part of taking charge of your health. Here is what to remember:
- Know the signs — Recognizing early symptoms can lead to earlier diagnosis and better outcomes.
- Talk to your provider — If you have concerns or a family history of this condition, bring it up at your next checkup.
- Stay informed — Medical knowledge evolves. Keep learning and asking questions.
- You are not alone — Many people deal with this condition. Support groups and educational resources can help.