Before we begin: Lupus is an autoimmune disease that causes your immune system to attack.
This tutorial walks you through everything you need to know about lupus. We explain it in plain language, step by step, so whether you are a student, a patient, or simply curious, you will come away with a solid understanding.
We cover what it is, why it matters, how it is diagnosed, and what you can do about it. Key facts are called out along the way.
What is lupus? Lupus is a chronic (long-lasting) type of autoimmune disease.Autoimmune diseases happen when your immune system attacks healthy cells and tissues by mistake. This attack causes inflammation. It can also damage many parts of the body, including the joints, skin, kidneys, heart, lungs, and brain.
There are several types of lupus:
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is the most common type. It can be mild or severe and can affect many parts of the body.
Cutaneous lupus affects the skin. It causes a rash or sores, usually after your skin is exposed to sunlight. The two major types of cutaneous lupus are discoid lupus and subacute cutaneous lupus.
Drug-induced lupus is caused by a reaction to some medicines. The symptoms may start 3 to 6 months after starting the medicine. The symptoms usually go away when you stop taking the medicine.
Neonatal lupus, which is rare, affects newborns. It is caused by certain antibodies that are passed from the pregnant parent to the baby.
What causes lupus? The cause of lupus is unknown. Researchers are studying what might cause or trigger the disease, such as:
Genetics
Environmental factors, such as viral infections, sunlight, certain medicines, and smoking
Problems with the immune system
Who is more likely to get lupus? Anyone can get lupus, but women get it much more often than men.
Lupus is more common in African Americans than in White people. It is also more common in people of American Indian and Asian descent. African American and Hispanic women are more likely to have severe forms of lupus.
What are the symptoms of lupus? Lupus can have many symptoms, and they differ from person to person. Some of the more common ones are:
Arthritis, causing painful and swollen joints and morning stiffness
Fever
Fatigue or feeling tired often
Red rashes, most often on the face (also called the “butterfly rash”)
Chest pain when taking a deep breath
Hair loss
Pale or purple fingers or toes, from cold and stress (Raynaud phenomenon)
Sensitivity to the sun
Swelling in legs or around eyes
Mouth ulcers
Swollen glands
Headache and dizziness
Confusion and memory problems
Symptoms may come and go. When you are having symptoms, it is called a flare. Flares can range from mild to severe. New symptoms may appear at any time.
What other problems can lupus cause? Lupus causes inflammation throughout your body. This can cause problems in your organs, including:
Kidney damage (lupus nephritis).
Heart problems, including inflammation in the heart (myocarditis), heart valves, or lining of the heart muscle (pericarditis).
Inflammation of blood vessels (vasculitis).
Blood clots
Inflammation of the tissue that surrounds the lungs (pleurisy). This can make it painful to breathe.
Some people with lupus may be more likely to develop other conditions, such as coronary artery disease (CAD) and atherosclerosis.
How is lupus diagnosed? There is no specific test for lupus, and it’s often mistaken for other diseases that cause similar symptoms. So it may take a while to get a diagnosis. To find out if you have lupus, your health care provider:
Will ask about your symptoms, medical history, and family health history
Will do a complete physical exam
May order blood tests, such as ANA (antinuclear antibody), antibodies, complete blood count, and complement tests
May order other tests, such as urine tests
May do biopsies:
Skin biopsy (looking at skin samples under a microscope)
Kidney biopsy (looking at tissue from your kidney under a microscope)
What are the treatments for lupus? There is no cure for lupus, but medicines and lifestyle changes can help control it.
People with lupus often need to see different providers. You will most likely have a primary care provider and a rheumatologist (a doctor who specializes in diseases of the joints and muscles). Which other specialists you will depend on how lupus affects your body. For example, if lupus is damaging your heart or blood vessels, you would see a cardiologist (a doctor who specializes in heart diseases).
Your primary care provider should coordinate care between all of your other providers and treat other problems as they come up. You and your primary care provider will develop a treatment plan to fit your needs. You will both review the plan often to make sure that it is working. You should report new symptoms to your provider right away so that your treatment plan can be changed, if needed.
The goals of a treatment plan are to:
Prevent flares
Treat flares when they occur
Reduce organ damage and other problems
Improve your quality of life
Treatments may include drugs to:
Reduce fever, swelling, and pain
Reduce inflammation in your body
Prevent or reduce flares
Reduce or prevent damage to joints
Suppress (lower) the activity of your immune system
Besides taking medicines for lupus, you may need to take medicines for problems that are related to lupus such as high cholesterol, high blood pressure, or infection.
Alternative and complementary therapies are therapies that are not part of standard treatments. Some people try alternative and complementary therapies to improve their lupus symptoms. But research has not clearly shown whether these treatments may help or treat lupus. Talk to your provider before trying any new treatments.
How can I cope with lupus? It is important to take an active role in your treatment. It helps to learn more about lupus - being able to spot the warning signs of a flare can help you prevent the flare or make the symptoms less severe.
It is also important to find ways to cope with the stress of having lupus. Exercising and finding ways to relax may make it easier for you to cope. A good support system can also help.
NIH: National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases
Also known as: Discoid lupus, SLE, Subacute cutaneous lupus, Systemic lupus erythematosus.
Related topics: Cutaneous Lupus, SLE, Subacute Cutaneous Lupus, Systemic Lupus Erythematosus.
Categories: Immune System.
Source: National Institutes of Health — National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases.
Key Takeaways
Understanding lupus is an important part of taking charge of your health. Here is what to remember:
- Know the signs — Recognizing early symptoms can lead to earlier diagnosis and better outcomes.
- Talk to your provider — If you have concerns or a family history of this condition, bring it up at your next checkup.
- Stay informed — Medical knowledge evolves. Keep learning and asking questions.
- You are not alone — Many people deal with this condition. Support groups and educational resources can help.