Before we begin: Thyroid hormones control the rate of many activities in your body. Hyperthyroidism means the thyroid makes more thyroid hormones than the body needs.
This tutorial walks you through everything you need to know about hyperthyroidism. We explain it in plain language, step by step, so whether you are a student, a patient, or simply curious, you will come away with a solid understanding.
We cover what it is, why it matters, how it is diagnosed, and what you can do about it. Key facts are called out along the way.
What is hyperthyroidism? Hyperthyroidism, or overactive thyroid, happens when your thyroid gland makes more thyroid hormones than your body needs.
Your thyroid is a small, butterfly-shaped gland in the front of your neck. It makes hormones that control the way the body uses energy. These hormones affect nearly every organ in your body and control many of your body’s most important functions. For example, they affect your breathing, heart rate, weight, digestion, and moods. If not treated, hyperthyroidism can cause serious problems with your heart, bones, muscles, menstrual cycle, and fertility. But there are treatments that can help.
What causes hyperthyroidism? Hyperthyroidism has several causes. They include:
Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which your immune system attacks your thyroid and causes it to make too much hormone. This is the most common cause.
Thyroid nodules, which are growths on your thyroid. They are usually benign (not cancer). But they may become overactive and make too much thyroid hormone. Thyroid nodules are more common in older adults.
Thyroiditis, inflammation of the thyroid. It causes stored thyroid hormone to leak out of your thyroid gland.
Too much iodine. Iodine is found in some medicines, cough syrups, seaweed and seaweed-based supplements. Taking too much of them can cause your thyroid to make too much thyroid hormone.
Too much thyroid medicine. This can happen if people who take thyroid hormone medicine for hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid) take too much of it.
Who is at risk for hyperthyroidism? You are at higher risk for hyperthyroidism if you:
Are a woman
Are older than age 60
Have been pregnant or had a baby within the past 6 months
Have had thyroid surgery or a thyroid problem, such as goiter
Have a family history of thyroid disease
Have pernicious anemia, in which the body cannot make enough healthy red blood cells because it does not have enough vitamin B12
Have type 1 diabetes or primary adrenal insufficiency, a hormonal disorder
Get too much iodine, from eating large amounts of foods containing iodine or using iodine-containing medicines or supplements
What are the symptoms of hyperthyroidism? The symptoms of hyperthyroidism can vary from person to person and may include:
Nervousness or irritability
Fatigue
Muscle weakness
Trouble tolerating heat
Trouble sleeping
Tremor, usually in your hands
Rapid and irregular heartbeat
Frequent bowel movements or diarrhea
Weight loss
Mood swings
Goiter, an enlarged thyroid that may cause your neck to look swollen. Sometimes it can cause trouble with breathing or swallowing.
Adults over age 60 may have different symptoms than younger adults. For example, they may lose their appetite or withdraw from other people. Sometimes this can be mistaken for depression or dementia.
What other problems can hyperthyroidism cause? If hyperthyroidism isn’t treated, it can cause some serious health problems, including:
An irregular heartbeat that can lead to blood clots, stroke, heart failure, and other heart problems
An eye disease called Graves’ ophthalmopathy. It can cause double vision, light sensitivity, and eye pain. In rare cases, it can lead to vision loss.
Thinning bones and osteoporosis
Fertility problems in women
Complications in pregnancy, such as premature birth, low birth weight, high blood pressure in pregnancy, and miscarriage
How is hyperthyroidism diagnosed? Your health care provider may use many tools to make a diagnosis:
A medical history, including asking about symptoms
A physical exam
Thyroid tests, such as
TSH, T3, T4, and thyroid antibody blood tests
Imaging tests, such as a thyroid scan, ultrasound, or radioactive iodine uptake test. A radioactive iodine uptake test measures how much radioactive iodine your thyroid takes up from your blood after you swallow a small amount of it.
What are the treatments for hyperthyroidism? The treatments for hyperthyroidism include medicines, radioiodine therapy, and thyroid surgery:
Medicines for hyperthyroidism include
Antithyroid medicines, which cause your thyroid to make less thyroid hormone. You probably need to take the medicines for 1 to 2 years. In some cases, you might need to take the medicines for several years. This is the simplest treatment, but it is often not a permanent cure.
Beta blocker medicines, which can reduce symptoms such as tremors, rapid heartbeat, and nervousness. They work quickly and can help you feel better until other treatments take effect.
Radioiodine therapy is a common and effective treatment for hyperthyroidism. It involves taking radioactive iodine by mouth as a capsule or liquid. This slowly destroys the cells of the thyroid gland that produce thyroid hormone. It does not affect other body tissues. Almost everyone who has radioactive iodine treatment later develops hypothyroidism. This is because the thyroid hormone-producing cells have been destroyed. But hypothyroidism is easier to treat and causes fewer long-term health problems than hyperthyroidism.
Surgery to remove part or most of the thyroid gland is done in rare cases. It might be an option for people with large goiters or pregnant women who cannot take antithyroid medicines. If you have all of your thyroid removed, you will need to take thyroid medicines for the rest of your life. Some people who have part of their thyroid removed also need to take medicines.
If you have hyperthyroidism, it’s important not to get too much iodine. Talk to your health care provider about which foods, supplements, and medicines you need to avoid.
NIH: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases
Also known as: Overactive thyroid.
Related topics: Basedow’s Disease, Graves’ Disease, Overactive Thyroid, Thyrotoxicosis.
Categories: Endocrine System.
Source: National Institutes of Health — National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases.
Key Takeaways
Understanding hyperthyroidism is an important part of taking charge of your health. Here is what to remember:
- Know the signs — Recognizing early symptoms can lead to earlier diagnosis and better outcomes.
- Talk to your provider — If you have concerns or a family history of this condition, bring it up at your next checkup.
- Stay informed — Medical knowledge evolves. Keep learning and asking questions.
- You are not alone — Many people deal with this condition. Support groups and educational resources can help.