Arka — Giant Calotrope

Ayurvedic herb Arka (Calotropis gigantea) — Giant Calotrope. Pharmacological properties: Rasa Katu, Tikta, Virya Ushna, Vipaka Katu. Balances Vata, Kapha.

Ayurvedic Herbs A–Z 1 min read

Calotropis gigantea is a toxic plant, but its purified latex and leaves are used for skin diseases and as a purgative.

ⓘ Information

Property	Value	Description
Rasa	Katu, Tikta	Katu (Pungent) — stimulates digestion, circulation, expectorant; Tikta (Bitter) — detoxifying, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic
Guna	Laghu, Tikshna	Laghu (Light) — easy to digest, promotes lightness; Tikshna (Sharp) — penetrating, stimulating
Virya	Ushna	Ushna (Hot) — heating, increases metabolism and Pitta
Vipaka	Katu	Katu (Pungent) — post-digestive pungent, lightening
Prabhava	Virechana, Kushtaghna	Virechana — purgative, therapeutic cleansing; Kushtaghna — treats skin diseases

Sanskrit Synonyms

In the classical Ayurvedic texts, Arka is known by the following Sanskrit names:

Mandara, Alarka, Surya, Vikirana

Parts Used

The medicinal parts of Arka are: moola twak, patra, ksheera, pushpa.

Main Indications

Arka is indicated in Ayurveda for the following conditions:

Kushta, Gulma, Udararoga, Arsha, Krimi.

Dosha Effects

Arka pacifies Vata, Kapha.

It may aggravate Pitta when used in excess or in sensitive individuals.

Usage

Arka is used in classical Ayurvedic formulations. Consult a qualified Ayurvedic practitioner for appropriate dosage and preparation based on your constitution (Prakriti) and current imbalance (Vikriti).

Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India (API)

Source: Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India — Government of India, Ministry of AYUSH

Rasa (Taste)Kaṣ¡ya, Tikta

Guna (Quality)Guru

Virya (Potency)Uṣḍa

Vipaka (Post-digestive effect)Kauu

Karma (Action)Kaphav¡tahara, K¡sahara, Írdhvav¡tajit, Hikk¡nigrahaḍa

Dose3-6 g of the drug in powder form

Therapeutic Uses: Jvara, śv¡sa, K¡sa, Hikk¡, Kṣaya, Aruci, Chardi

Important Formulations: B¡lacaturbhadrik¡ Cūrḍa

Botanical Name: Pistacia chinensia Burgo (Anacardiaceae)

Part Used: Gall.

Therapeutic Uses (IMPPAT Database)

Source: Indian Medicinal Plants, Phytochemistry And Therapeutics (IMPPAT) v1.0 — CC BY 4.0

Part Used	Therapeutic Use	Identifiers	References
aerial part	Diarrhea	MESH:D003967,UMLS:C0011991, DOID:13250, ICD-11:ME05.1	ISBN:9770972795006
bark	Abdominal pain	MESH:D015746,UMLS:C0000737, SYMP:0000457, ICD-11:MD81.4	ISBN:9770972795006
bark	Anti-inflammatory agents	MESH:D000893,UMLS:C0003209, ICD-11:XM7XD1	ISBN:9770972795006
bark	Asthma	MESH:D001249,UMLS:C0004096, DOID:2841, ICD-11:CA23	ISBN:9770972795006
bark	Bites and stings	MESH:D001733,UMLS:C0005659	ISBN:9770972795006
bark	Diarrhea	MESH:D003967,UMLS:C0011991, DOID:13250, ICD-11:ME05.1	ISBN:9770972795006
bark	Dysentery	MESH:D004403,UMLS:C0277526, DOID:12384, ICD-11:1A40.Z	ISBN:9770972795006
bark	Eczema	MESH:D004485,UMLS:C0013595	ISBN:9770972795006
bark	Elephantiasis	MESH:D004604,UMLS:C0013882, DOID:4976, ICD-11:1F66.3	ISBN:9770972795006
bark	Epilepsy	MESH:D004827,UMLS:C0014544, DOID:1826, ICD-11:8A6Z	ISBN:9770972795006
bark	Fever	MESH:D005334,UMLS:C0015967, ICD-11:MG26	ISBN:9770972795006
bark	Fractures, bone	MESH:D050723,UMLS:C0016658, ICD-11:ND56.2	ISBN:9770972795006
bark	Laxatives	MESH:D054368,UMLS:C0282090, ICD-11:XM62T3	ISBN:9770972795006
bark	Leprosy	MESH:D007918,UMLS:C0023343, DOID:1024, ICD-11:1B20	ISBN:9770972795006
bark	Rabies	MESH:D011818,UMLS:C0034494, DOID:11260, ICD-11:1C82	ISBN:9770972795006
bark	Skin diseases	MESH:D012871,UMLS:C0037274, DOID:37, ICD-11:EM0Z	ISBN:9770972795006
bark	Snake bites	MESH:D012909,UMLS:C0037379	ISBN:9770972795006
bark	Syphilis	MESH:D013587,UMLS:C0039128, DOID:4166, ICD-11:1A6Z	ISBN:9770972795006
bark	Toothache	MESH:D014098,UMLS:C0040460, ICD-11:DA0A.Y	ISBN:9770972795006
bark	Urination disorders	MESH:D014555,UMLS:C0042035, ICD-11:GB0Y	ISBN:9770972795006
flower	Analgesics	MESH:D000700,UMLS:C0002771, ICD-11:XM49F7	ISBN:9770972795006
flower	Anorexia	MESH:D000855,UMLS:C1971624, DOID:8689, ICD-11:MG43.7	ISBN:9770972795006, ISBN:9788171360536, ISBN:9788173717024
flower	Anthelmintics	MESH:D000871,UMLS:C0003158, ICD-11:XM4EC0	ISBN:9770972795006, ISBN:9788173717024, Pharmacognosy Of Indigenous Drugs Volume I
flower	Antinematodal agents	MESH:D000969,UMLS:C0003391, ICD-11:XM16G5	ISBN:9770972795006
flower	Appetite stimulants	MESH:D019167,UMLS:C0376447	ISBN:9770972795006, ISBN:9788172361150, ISBN:9788173717024
flower	Asthma	MESH:D001249,UMLS:C0004096, DOID:2841, ICD-11:CA23	ISBN:9770972795006, ISBN:9788172360481, ISBN:9788173717024, Pharmacognosy Of Indigenous Drugs Volume I
flower	Astringents	MESH:D001252,UMLS:C0004110, ICD-11:XM0VK6	ISBN:9770972795006
flower	Bites and stings	MESH:D001733,UMLS:C0005659	ISBN:9770972795006
flower	Cathartics	MESH:D002400,UMLS:C0007422, ICD-11:XM6GE9	ISBN:9770972795006
flower	Cholera	MESH:D002771,UMLS:C0008354, DOID:1498, ICD-11:1A00	ISBN:9770972795006
flower	Common cold	MESH:D003139,UMLS:C0009443, DOID:10459, ICD-11:CA00	ISBN:9770972795006, ISBN:9788171360536, ISBN:9788173717024, Pharmacognosy Of Indigenous Drugs Volume I
flower	Cough	MESH:D003371,UMLS:C0010200, ICD-11:MD12	ISBN:9770972795006, Pharmacognosy Of Indigenous Drugs Volume I
flower	Digestive system diseases	MESH:D004066,UMLS:C0012242, ICD-11:DE2Z	ISBN:9770972795006, ISBN:9788172361150
flower	Dyspepsia	MESH:D004415,UMLS:C0013395, ICD-11:DD90.3	ISBN:9770972795006
flower	Eczema	MESH:D004485,UMLS:C0013595	ISBN:9770972795006
flower	Hemorrhage	MESH:D006470,UMLS:C0019080, ICD-11:MG27	Pharmacognosy Of Indigenous Drugs Volume I
flower	Inflammation	MESH:D007249,UMLS:C0021368	ISBN:9770972795006, ISBN:9788173717024
flower	Liver diseases	MESH:D008107,UMLS:C0023895, DOID:409, ICD-11:SA0Z	ISBN:9770972795006
flower	Mental disorders	MESH:D001523,UMLS:C0004936, ICD-11:6E8Z	ISBN:9770972795006
flower	Mucus discharge	MESH:D009093,UMLS:C0333273	Pharmacognosy Of Indigenous Drugs Volume I
flower	Neoplasms	MESH:D009369,UMLS:C0027651, DOID:162, ICD-11:2E2Z	ISBN:9770972795006, ISBN:9788173717024
flower	Pain	MESH:D010146,UMLS:C0030193, ICD-11:MG3Z	ISBN:9770972795006
flower	Rabies	MESH:D011818,UMLS:C0034494, DOID:11260, ICD-11:1C82	ISBN:9770972795006
flower	General tonic for rejuvenation	MESH:D012060,UMLS:C0035016	ISBN:9770972795006, ISBN:9788172361150, Pharmacognosy Of Indigenous Drugs Volume I
flower	Skin diseases	MESH:D012871,UMLS:C0037274, DOID:37, ICD-11:EM0Z	ISBN:9770972795006, Pharmacognosy Of Indigenous Drugs Volume I
flower	Snake bites	MESH:D012909,UMLS:C0037379	ISBN:9770972795006
flower	Stomach diseases	MESH:D013272,UMLS:C0038354, DOID:76, ICD-11:DA4Y	Pharmacognosy Of Indigenous Drugs Volume I
flower	Tuberculosis	MESH:D014376,UMLS:C0041296, DOID:399, ICD-11:1B1Z	ISBN:9770972795006
flower	Wound healing	MESH:D014945,UMLS:C0043240	ISBN:9770972795006
fruit	Neoplasms	MESH:D009369,UMLS:C0027651, DOID:162, ICD-11:2E2Z	ISBN:9770972795006
fruit	Vitiligo	MESH:D014820,UMLS:C0042900, DOID:12306, ICD-11:ED63.0	ISBN:9770972795006
leaf	Abdominal pain	MESH:D015746,UMLS:C0000737, SYMP:0000457, ICD-11:MD81.4	ISBN:9770972795006
leaf	Anthelmintics	MESH:D000871,UMLS:C0003158, ICD-11:XM4EC0	ISBN:9770972795006
leaf	Anti-bacterial agents	MESH:D000900,UMLS:C0279516, ICD-11:XM8XH0	ISBN:9770972795006
leaf	Anticonvulsants	MESH:D000927,UMLS:C0003286, ICD-11:XM07T3	ISBN:9770972795006
leaf	Antidotes	MESH:D000931,UMLS:C0003295, ICD-11:XM1S43	ISBN:9770972795006
leaf	Antifungal agents	MESH:D000935,UMLS:C0003308, ICD-11:XM83G4	ISBN:9770972795006
leaf	Anti-inflammatory agents	MESH:D000893,UMLS:C0003209, ICD-11:XM7XD1	ISBN:9770972795006, ISBN:9788172360481
leaf	Antineoplastic agents	MESH:D000970,UMLS:C0003392	ISBN:9770972795006, ISBN:9788172360481
leaf	Antirheumatic agents	MESH:D018501,UMLS:C0003191, ICD-11:XM95N2	ISBN:9770972795006
leaf	Arthralgia	MESH:D018771,UMLS:C0003862, ICD-11:ME82	ISBN:9770972795006, ISBN:9788171360536, ISBN:9788172361150, ISBN:9788173717024
leaf	Asthma	MESH:D001249,UMLS:C0004096, DOID:2841, ICD-11:CA23	ISBN:9770972795006
leaf	Bites and stings	MESH:D001733,UMLS:C0005659	ISBN:9770972795006
leaf	Cardiotonic agents	MESH:D002316,UMLS:C0007209, ICD-11:XM91S1	ISBN:9770972795006
leaf	Cardiovascular system	MESH:D002319,UMLS:C0007226, ICD-11:XA4PM9	ISBN:9770972795006
leaf	Earache	MESH:D004433,UMLS:C0013456, ICD-11:AB70.2	ISBN:9770972795006
leaf	Edema	MESH:D004487,UMLS:C0013604, ICD-11:MG29.1	ISBN:9770972795006, ISBN:9788172360481, ISBN:9788172361150
leaf	Endophthalmitis	MESH:D009877,UMLS:C0014236, DOID:4692, ICD-11:9C21	ISBN:9770972795006
leaf	Epilepsy	MESH:D004827,UMLS:C0014544, DOID:1826, ICD-11:8A6Z	ISBN:9770972795006
leaf	Fever	MESH:D005334,UMLS:C0015967, ICD-11:MG26	ISBN:9770972795006, ISBN:9788172361266, ISBN:9788173717024
leaf	Fractures, bone	MESH:D050723,UMLS:C0016658, ICD-11:ND56.2	ISBN:9770972795006
leaf	Furunculosis	MESH:D005667,UMLS:C0016867, ICD-11:1B75.0	ISBN:9770972795006
leaf	Gout	MESH:D006073,UMLS:C0018099, DOID:13189, ICD-11:FA25	ISBN:9770972795006
leaf	Hemorrhoids	MESH:D006484,UMLS:C0019112, DOID:9746, ICD-11:DB60.Z	ISBN:9770972795006
leaf	Insect bites and stings	MESH:D007299,UMLS:C0021568, ICD-11:EK50.0	ISBN:9770972795006
leaf	Laxatives	MESH:D054368,UMLS:C0282090, ICD-11:XM62T3	ISBN:9770972795006
leaf	Malaria	MESH:D008288,UMLS:C0024530, DOID:12365, ICD-11:1F4Z	ISBN:9770972795006
leaf	Migraine disorders	MESH:D008881,UMLS:C0149931, DOID:6364, ICD-11:8A80.Z	ISBN:9770972795006
leaf	Orchitis	MESH:D009920,UMLS:C0029191, DOID:2518, ICD-11:GB02.Y	ISBN:9770972795006
leaf	Pain	MESH:D010146,UMLS:C0030193, ICD-11:MG3Z	ISBN:9770972795006
leaf	Paralysis	MESH:D010243,UMLS:C0522224	ISBN:9788171360536, ISBN:9788173717024
leaf	Pneumonia	MESH:D011014,UMLS:C0032285, DOID:552, ICD-11:CA40.0Z	ISBN:9770972795006
leaf	Rabies	MESH:D011818,UMLS:C0034494, DOID:11260, ICD-11:1C82	ISBN:9770972795006
leaf	Scabies	MESH:D012532,UMLS:C0036262, DOID:8295, ICD-11:1G04	ISBN:9770972795006
leaf	Skin diseases	MESH:D012871,UMLS:C0037274, DOID:37, ICD-11:EM0Z	ISBN:9770972795006
leaf	Snake bites	MESH:D012909,UMLS:C0037379	ISBN:9770972795006
leaf	Stomach diseases	MESH:D013272,UMLS:C0038354, DOID:76, ICD-11:DA4Y	ISBN:9770972795006
leaf	Thrombosis	MESH:D013927,UMLS:C0040053, DOID:0060903	ISBN:9770972795006
leaf	Tonsillitis	MESH:D014069,UMLS:C0040425, DOID:10456, ICD-11:CA03.Z	ISBN:9770972795006
leaf	Toothache	MESH:D014098,UMLS:C0040460, ICD-11:DA0A.Y	ISBN:9770972795006
leaf	Ulcer	MESH:D014456,UMLS:C0041582	ISBN:9770972795006
leaf	Wounds and injuries	MESH:D014947,UMLS:C0043251	ISBN:9770972795006, ISBN:9788172360481
leaf	Otorrhea	UMLS:C0155540, DOID:10261, ICD-11:AB70.0	ISBN:9770972795006
leaf	Delayed puberty	MESH:D011628,UMLS:C0034012, ICD-11:5A91	ISBN:9770972795006
leaf	Rheumatoid arthritis	MESH:D001172,UMLS:C0003873, DOID:7148, ICD-11:FA20	ISBN:9770972795006
plant exudate	Abdominal pain	MESH:D015746,UMLS:C0000737, SYMP:0000457, ICD-11:MD81.4	ISBN:9770972795006
plant exudate	Abortifacient agents	MESH:D000019,UMLS:C0000782, ICD-11:JA00.1	ISBN:9770972795006, ISBN:9788172360481, ISBN:9788172362089
plant exudate	Anthelmintics	MESH:D000871,UMLS:C0003158, ICD-11:XM4EC0	ISBN:9770972795006
plant exudate	Anticoagulants	MESH:D000925,UMLS:C0003280	ISBN:9770972795006
plant exudate	Antifungal agents	MESH:D000935,UMLS:C0003308, ICD-11:XM83G4	ISBN:9770972795006
plant exudate	Anti-infective agents, local	MESH:D000891,UMLS:C0003205, ICD-11:XM4VG4	ISBN:9770972795006
plant exudate	Anti-inflammatory agents	MESH:D000893,UMLS:C0003209, ICD-11:XM7XD1	ISBN:9770972795006
plant exudate	Antirheumatic agents	MESH:D018501,UMLS:C0003191, ICD-11:XM95N2	ISBN:9770972795006
plant exudate	Ascites	MESH:D001201,UMLS:C0003962, ICD-11:ME04	ISBN:9770972795006
plant exudate	Asthma	MESH:D001249,UMLS:C0004096, DOID:2841, ICD-11:CA23	ISBN:9770972795006
plant exudate	Bites and stings	MESH:D001733,UMLS:C0005659	ISBN:9770972795006
plant exudate	Cathartics	MESH:D002400,UMLS:C0007422, ICD-11:XM6GE9	ISBN:9770972795006, ISBN:9788172361150
plant exudate	Chest pain	MESH:D002637,UMLS:C0008031, ICD-11:MD30.Z	ISBN:9770972795006
plant exudate	Common cold	MESH:D003139,UMLS:C0009443, DOID:10459, ICD-11:CA00	ISBN:9770972795006
plant exudate	Cough	MESH:D003371,UMLS:C0010200, ICD-11:MD12	ISBN:9770972795006
plant exudate	Dracunculiasis	MESH:D004320,UMLS:C0013100, DOID:14418, ICD-11:1F64	ISBN:9788172362089
plant exudate	Dysentery	MESH:D004403,UMLS:C0277526, DOID:12384, ICD-11:1A40.Z	ISBN:9770972795006
plant exudate	Eczema	MESH:D004485,UMLS:C0013595	ISBN:9770972795006
plant exudate	Emetics	MESH:D004639,UMLS:C0013973	ISBN:9770972795006
plant exudate	Encephalitis	MESH:D004660,UMLS:C0014038, DOID:9588, ICD-11:1D00.Z	ISBN:9770972795006
plant exudate	Exanthema	MESH:D005076,UMLS:C0015230	ISBN:9770972795006
plant exudate	Expectorants	MESH:D005100,UMLS:C0015314	ISBN:9770972795006
plant exudate	Fractures, bone	MESH:D050723,UMLS:C0016658, ICD-11:ND56.2	ISBN:9770972795006
plant exudate	Furunculosis	MESH:D005667,UMLS:C0016867, ICD-11:1B75.0	ISBN:9770972795006
plant exudate	Galactogogues	MESH:D056669,UMLS:C2717873	ISBN:9770972795006
plant exudate	Headache	MESH:D006261,UMLS:C0018681, ICD-11:8A81.Z	ISBN:9770972795006
plant exudate	Hemagglutination	MESH:D006384,UMLS:C0018903	ISBN:9770972795006
plant exudate	Hemostatics	MESH:D006490,UMLS:C0019120	ISBN:9770972795006
plant exudate	Hepatomegaly	MESH:D006529,UMLS:C0019209, ICD-11:ME10.00	ISBN:9770972795006
plant exudate	Hypotension	MESH:D007022,UMLS:C0020649, ICD-11:BA2Z	ISBN:9770972795006
plant exudate	Counterirritant	UMLS:C0010215	ISBN:9770972795006
plant exudate	Laxatives	MESH:D054368,UMLS:C0282090, ICD-11:XM62T3	ISBN:9770972795006
plant exudate	Leprosy	MESH:D007918,UMLS:C0023343, DOID:1024, ICD-11:1B20	ISBN:9770972795006
plant exudate	Migraine disorders	MESH:D008881,UMLS:C0149931, DOID:6364, ICD-11:8A80.Z	ISBN:9770972795006
plant exudate	Neoplasms	MESH:D009369,UMLS:C0027651, DOID:162, ICD-11:2E2Z	ISBN:9770972795006
plant exudate	Pain	MESH:D010146,UMLS:C0030193, ICD-11:MG3Z	ISBN:9770972795006
plant exudate	Parasympatholytics	MESH:D010276,UMLS:C0030511, ICD-11:XM3A77	ISBN:9770972795006
plant exudate	Anti-poisoning	MESH:D011041, ICD-11:NE6Z	ISBN:9770972795006
plant exudate	Postnatal care	MESH:D011181,UMLS:C0032782	ISBN:9770972795006
plant exudate	Pruritus	MESH:D011537,UMLS:C0033774, ICD-11:EC90	ISBN:9770972795006
plant exudate	Rabies	MESH:D011818,UMLS:C0034494, DOID:11260, ICD-11:1C82	ISBN:9770972795006
plant exudate	Scabies	MESH:D012532,UMLS:C0036262, DOID:8295, ICD-11:1G04	ISBN:9770972795006
plant exudate	Scorpion stings	MESH:D065008,UMLS:C0238417, ICD-11:NE61	Contribution To The Medico-Botany Of East Godavari And West Godavari Districts Of Andhra Pradesh, ISBN:9770972795006
plant exudate	Skin diseases	MESH:D012871,UMLS:C0037274, DOID:37, ICD-11:EM0Z	ISBN:9770972795006
plant exudate	Snake bites	MESH:D012909,UMLS:C0037379	ISBN:9770972795006
plant exudate	Thrombosis	MESH:D013927,UMLS:C0040053, DOID:0060903	ISBN:9770972795006
plant exudate	Tooth diseases	MESH:D014076,UMLS:C0040435, DOID:1091, ICD-11:DA07.Z	ISBN:9770972795006, ISBN:9788172360481
plant exudate	Toothache	MESH:D014098,UMLS:C0040460, ICD-11:DA0A.Y	Glimpses Of Medico-Botany Of Bastar District (M.P.), ISBN:9770972795006
plant exudate	Tuberculosis	MESH:D014376,UMLS:C0041296, DOID:399, ICD-11:1B1Z	ISBN:9770972795006
plant exudate	Urination disorders	MESH:D014555,UMLS:C0042035, ICD-11:GB0Y	ISBN:9770972795006
plant exudate	Uterine contraction	MESH:D014590,UMLS:C0042130, ICD-11:GA16.Y	ISBN:9788172361150
plant exudate	Vitiligo	MESH:D014820,UMLS:C0042900, DOID:12306, ICD-11:ED63.0	ISBN:9770972795006
plant exudate	Wounds and injuries	MESH:D014947,UMLS:C0043251	Glimpses Of Medico-Botany Of Bastar District (M.P.), ISBN:9770972795006, ISBN:9788172360481
plant exudate	Irritant	UMLS:C0022108	ISBN:9770972795006, ISBN:9788172361150
root	Abdominal neoplasms	MESH:D000008,UMLS:C0031149	ISBN:9788172360481
root	Abdominal pain	MESH:D015746,UMLS:C0000737, SYMP:0000457, ICD-11:MD81.4	ISBN:9770972795006
root	Abortifacient agents	MESH:D000019,UMLS:C0000782, ICD-11:JA00.1	ISBN:9770972795006
root	Anthelmintics	MESH:D000871,UMLS:C0003158, ICD-11:XM4EC0	ISBN:9788173717024
root	Anticonvulsants	MESH:D000927,UMLS:C0003286, ICD-11:XM07T3	ISBN:9770972795006
root	Antiemetics	MESH:D000932,UMLS:C0003297, ICD-11:XM4VY6	ISBN:9788172361266
root	Antifungal agents	MESH:D000935,UMLS:C0003308, ICD-11:XM83G4	ISBN:9770972795006
root	Antineoplastic agents	MESH:D000970,UMLS:C0003392	ISBN:9770972795006, ISBN:9788172360481
root	Antipyretics	MESH:D058633,UMLS:C0003419, ICD-11:XM1RS7	ISBN:9788173717024
root	Antirheumatic agents	MESH:D018501,UMLS:C0003191, ICD-11:XM95N2	ISBN:9788172360481
root	Arthralgia	MESH:D018771,UMLS:C0003862, ICD-11:ME82	ISBN:9770972795006
root	Ascites	MESH:D001201,UMLS:C0003962, ICD-11:ME04	ISBN:9770972795006, ISBN:9788173717024, Pharmacognosy Of Indigenous Drugs Volume I
root	Asthma	MESH:D001249,UMLS:C0004096, DOID:2841, ICD-11:CA23	ISBN:9788171360536, ISBN:9788173717024
root	Bites and stings	MESH:D001733,UMLS:C0005659	ISBN:9770972795006
root	Bronchitis	MESH:D001991,UMLS:C0006277, DOID:6132, ICD-11:CA20	ISBN:9788171360536, ISBN:9788173717024
root	Cardiovascular system	MESH:D002319,UMLS:C0007226, ICD-11:XA4PM9	ISBN:9770972795006
root	Cathartics	MESH:D002400,UMLS:C0007422, ICD-11:XM6GE9	ISBN:9788172361150
root	Cough	MESH:D003371,UMLS:C0010200, ICD-11:MD12	ISBN:9770972795006, ISBN:9788173717024, Pharmacognosy Of Indigenous Drugs Volume I
root	Dermatologic agents	MESH:D003879,UMLS:C0011625	ISBN:9770972795006
root	Diarrhea	MESH:D003967,UMLS:C0011991, DOID:13250, ICD-11:ME05.1	ISBN:9770972795006
root	Dracunculiasis	MESH:D004320,UMLS:C0013100, DOID:14418, ICD-11:1F64	ISBN:9770972795006
root	Dysentery	MESH:D004403,UMLS:C0277526, DOID:12384, ICD-11:1A40.Z	ISBN:9770972795006, ISBN:9788172361150, ISBN:9788172361266
root	Dyspepsia	MESH:D004415,UMLS:C0013395, ICD-11:DD90.3	ISBN:9770972795006, ISBN:9788171360536, ISBN:9788173717024
root	Ear diseases	MESH:D004427,UMLS:C0013447, ICD-11:AC0Z	ISBN:9770972795006, ISBN:9788172360481
root	Eczema	MESH:D004485,UMLS:C0013595	ISBN:9770972795006
root	Edema	MESH:D004487,UMLS:C0013604, ICD-11:MG29.1	ISBN:9770972795006, ISBN:9788173717024
root	Elephantiasis	MESH:D004604,UMLS:C0013882, DOID:4976, ICD-11:1F66.3	ISBN:9770972795006, Pharmacognosy Of Indigenous Drugs Volume I
root	Emetics	MESH:D004639,UMLS:C0013973	ISBN:9770972795006, ISBN:9788172361150, Pharmacognosy Of Indigenous Drugs Volume I
root	Expectorants	MESH:D005100,UMLS:C0015314	ISBN:9770972795006, ISBN:9788172361150, ISBN:9788172361266, ISBN:9788173717024
root	Flatulence	MESH:D005414,UMLS:C0016204, ICD-11:ME08	ISBN:9770972795006
root	Furunculosis	MESH:D005667,UMLS:C0016867, ICD-11:1B75.0	ISBN:9770972795006, ISBN:9788172360481
root	Headache	MESH:D006261,UMLS:C0018681, ICD-11:8A81.Z	ISBN:9770972795006
root	Hypertension	MESH:D006973,UMLS:C0020538, DOID:10763, ICD-11:BA00.Z	ISBN:9770972795006
root	Insecticides	MESH:D007306,UMLS:C0021576, ICD-11:XM3K66	ISBN:9770972795006
root	Intestinal diseases, parasitic	MESH:D007411,UMLS:C0021832, DOID:100, ICD-11:1A40.Z	ISBN:9770972795006, ISBN:9788173717024, Pharmacognosy Of Indigenous Drugs Volume I
root	Ipecac	MESH:D007486,UMLS:C0022046	ISBN:9788172361266, Pharmacognosy Of Indigenous Drugs Volume I
root	Labor pain	MESH:D048949,UMLS:C0474368	ISBN:9770972795006
root	Laxatives	MESH:D054368,UMLS:C0282090, ICD-11:XM62T3	ISBN:9788173717024
root	Leprosy	MESH:D007918,UMLS:C0023343, DOID:1024, ICD-11:1B20	ISBN:9770972795006, ISBN:9780387706375, ISBN:9788172360481
root	Liver diseases	MESH:D008107,UMLS:C0023895, DOID:409, ICD-11:SA0Z	ISBN:9770972795006
root	Lupus erythematosus, systemic	MESH:D008180,UMLS:C0024141, DOID:9074, ICD-11:4A40.0	ISBN:9788172360481
root	Malaria	MESH:D008288,UMLS:C0024530, DOID:12365, ICD-11:1F4Z	ISBN:9770972795006
root	Menstruation disturbances	MESH:D008599,UMLS:C0025345, ICD-11:GA20.30	ISBN:9770972795006
root	Night blindness	MESH:D009755,UMLS:C0028077, DOID:8499, ICD-11:MC1Y	ISBN:9788172360481
root	Pain	MESH:D010146,UMLS:C0030193, ICD-11:MG3Z	ISBN:9770972795006
root	Parasympatholytics	MESH:D010276,UMLS:C0030511, ICD-11:XM3A77	ISBN:9788172360481, ISBN:9788172361150
root	General tonic for rejuvenation	MESH:D012060,UMLS:C0035016	ISBN:9770972795006
root	Scabies	MESH:D012532,UMLS:C0036262, DOID:8295, ICD-11:1G04	ISBN:9788172362089
root	Scorpion stings	MESH:D065008,UMLS:C0238417, ICD-11:NE61	ISBN:9770972795006, ISBN:9788172360481
root	Skin diseases	MESH:D012871,UMLS:C0037274, DOID:37, ICD-11:EM0Z	ISBN:9770972795006, ISBN:9788173717024, Pharmacognosy Of Indigenous Drugs Volume I
root	Snake bites	MESH:D012909,UMLS:C0037379	ISBN:9770972795006
root	Syphilis	MESH:D013587,UMLS:C0039128, DOID:4166, ICD-11:1A6Z	ISBN:9770972795006, ISBN:9788172360481
root	Toothache	MESH:D014098,UMLS:C0040460, ICD-11:DA0A.Y	ISBN:9770972795006
root	Ulcer	MESH:D014456,UMLS:C0041582	ISBN:9770972795006
root	Visceral disorders	MESH:D014781,UMLS:C0042779	ISBN:9770972795006, Pharmacognosy Of Indigenous Drugs Volume I
root	Wounds and injuries	MESH:D014947,UMLS:C0043251	ISBN:9770972795006
root	Diaphoretic	UMLS:C1707737	ISBN:9770972795006, ISBN:9788172361150, ISBN:9788172361266
root	Depurative		ISBN:9788173717024
seed	Earache	MESH:D004433,UMLS:C0013456, ICD-11:AB70.2	ISBN:9770972795006
shoot	Toothache	MESH:D014098,UMLS:C0040460, ICD-11:DA0A.Y	ISBN:9770972795006
stem	Abortifacient agents	MESH:D000019,UMLS:C0000782, ICD-11:JA00.1	ISBN:9770972795006
stem	Arthralgia	MESH:D018771,UMLS:C0003862, ICD-11:ME82	ISBN:9770972795006
stem	Chest pain	MESH:D002637,UMLS:C0008031, ICD-11:MD30.Z	ISBN:9770972795006
stem	Common cold	MESH:D003139,UMLS:C0009443, DOID:10459, ICD-11:CA00	ISBN:9770972795006
stem	Cough	MESH:D003371,UMLS:C0010200, ICD-11:MD12	ISBN:9770972795006
stem	Jaundice	MESH:D007565,UMLS:C0022346, ICD-11:ME10.1	ISBN:9770972795006
stem	Malaria	MESH:D008288,UMLS:C0024530, DOID:12365, ICD-11:1F4Z	ISBN:9770972795006
stem	Toothache	MESH:D014098,UMLS:C0040460, ICD-11:DA0A.Y	ISBN:9770972795006
whole plant	Anthelmintics	MESH:D000871,UMLS:C0003158, ICD-11:XM4EC0	ISBN:9788173717024
whole plant	Antifungal agents	MESH:D000935,UMLS:C0003308, ICD-11:XM83G4	ISBN:9789327275590
whole plant	Antirheumatic agents	MESH:D018501,UMLS:C0003191, ICD-11:XM95N2	ISBN:9789327275590
whole plant	Asthma	MESH:D001249,UMLS:C0004096, DOID:2841, ICD-11:CA23	ISBN:9780387706375, ISBN:9789327275590
whole plant	Bronchitis	MESH:D001991,UMLS:C0006277, DOID:6132, ICD-11:CA20	ISBN:9780387706375
whole plant	Common cold	MESH:D003139,UMLS:C0009443, DOID:10459, ICD-11:CA00	ISBN:9789327275590
whole plant	Cough	MESH:D003371,UMLS:C0010200, ICD-11:MD12	ISBN:9789327275590
whole plant	Dental caries	MESH:D003731,UMLS:C0011334, DOID:216, ICD-11:DA08.0	ISBN:9789327275590
whole plant	Dysentery	MESH:D004403,UMLS:C0277526, DOID:12384, ICD-11:1A40.Z	ISBN:9789327275590
whole plant	Elephantiasis	MESH:D004604,UMLS:C0013882, DOID:4976, ICD-11:1F66.3	ISBN:9789327275590
whole plant	Expectorants	MESH:D005100,UMLS:C0015314	ISBN:9788173717024, ISBN:9789327275590
whole plant	Insect bites and stings	MESH:D007299,UMLS:C0021568, ICD-11:EK50.0	ISBN:9789327275590
whole plant	Leprosy	MESH:D007918,UMLS:C0023343, DOID:1024, ICD-11:1B20	ISBN:9789327275590
whole plant	Neoplasms	MESH:D009369,UMLS:C0027651, DOID:162, ICD-11:2E2Z	ISBN:9789327275590
whole plant	Splenic diseases	MESH:D013158,UMLS:C0037997, DOID:2529, ICD-11:3B8Z	ISBN:9789327275590
whole plant	Syphilis	MESH:D013587,UMLS:C0039128, DOID:4166, ICD-11:1A6Z	ISBN:9789327275590
whole plant	Toothache	MESH:D014098,UMLS:C0040460, ICD-11:DA0A.Y	ISBN:9789327275590
whole plant	Diaphoretic	UMLS:C1707737	ISBN:9789327275590
	Abdominal pain	MESH:D015746,UMLS:C0000737, SYMP:0000457, ICD-11:MD81.4	ISBN:9770972795006, Pharmacognosy Of Indigenous Drugs Volume I
	Anorexia	MESH:D000855,UMLS:C1971624, DOID:8689, ICD-11:MG43.7	ISBN:9788172361150
	Anthelmintics	MESH:D000871,UMLS:C0003158, ICD-11:XM4EC0	ISBN:9770972795006
	Anti-arrhythmia agents	MESH:D000889,UMLS:C0003195, ICD-11:BC9Z	ISBN:9770972795006
	Anticonvulsants	MESH:D000927,UMLS:C0003286, ICD-11:XM07T3	ISBN:9770972795006, ISBN:9788172360481
	Antidotes	MESH:D000931,UMLS:C0003295, ICD-11:XM1S43	ISBN:9770972795006
	Antifungal agents	MESH:D000935,UMLS:C0003308, ICD-11:XM83G4	ISBN:9770972795006, ISBN:9788172360481
	Antirheumatic agents	MESH:D018501,UMLS:C0003191, ICD-11:XM95N2	ISBN:9770972795006, ISBN:9788172360481
	Ascites	MESH:D001201,UMLS:C0003962, ICD-11:ME04	Pharmacognosy Of Indigenous Drugs Volume I
	Asthma	MESH:D001249,UMLS:C0004096, DOID:2841, ICD-11:CA23	ISBN:9770972795006, ISBN:9788172360481, ISBN:9788172361150, ISBN:9788172361266
	Bites and stings	MESH:D001733,UMLS:C0005659	ISBN:9788172360481
	Bronchitis	MESH:D001991,UMLS:C0006277, DOID:6132, ICD-11:CA20	ISBN:9788172360481
	Carbuncle	MESH:D002270,UMLS:C0007078, DOID:2176, ICD-11:1B75.1	ISBN:9788172360481
	Cathartics	MESH:D002400,UMLS:C0007422, ICD-11:XM6GE9	ISBN:9770972795006, Pharmacognosy Of Indigenous Drugs Volume I
	Chest pain	MESH:D002637,UMLS:C0008031, ICD-11:MD30.Z	ISBN:9788172360481
	Cholera	MESH:D002771,UMLS:C0008354, DOID:1498, ICD-11:1A00	ISBN:9770972795006, ISBN:9788172360481
	Colic	MESH:D003085,UMLS:C0232488, ICD-11:MD81.4	Pharmacognosy Of Indigenous Drugs Volume I
	Common cold	MESH:D003139,UMLS:C0009443, DOID:10459, ICD-11:CA00	ISBN:9788172361150
	Contraceptive agents	MESH:D003270,UMLS:C0009871	ISBN:9770972795006
	Cough	MESH:D003371,UMLS:C0010200, ICD-11:MD12	ISBN:9788172361150, ISBN:9788172361266
	Delirium	MESH:D003693,UMLS:C0011206, ICD-11:6D70	ISBN:9788172360481
	Demulcents	MESH:D065106,UMLS:C0302232	Pharmacognosy Of Indigenous Drugs Volume I
	Diarrhea	MESH:D003967,UMLS:C0011991, DOID:13250, ICD-11:ME05.1	ISBN:9770972795006
	Digestive system diseases	MESH:D004066,UMLS:C0012242, ICD-11:DE2Z	Pharmacognosy Of Indigenous Drugs Volume I
	Diuretics	MESH:D004232,UMLS:C0012798, ICD-11:XM4D06	ISBN:9770972795006
	Dysentery	MESH:D004403,UMLS:C0277526, DOID:12384, ICD-11:1A40.Z	ISBN:9770972795006, ISBN:9788172360481
	Dyspepsia	MESH:D004415,UMLS:C0013395, ICD-11:DD90.3	ISBN:9788172361266
	Eczema	MESH:D004485,UMLS:C0013595	ISBN:9788172361150
	Edema	MESH:D004487,UMLS:C0013604, ICD-11:MG29.1	ISBN:9770972795006, ISBN:9788172360481
	Elephantiasis	MESH:D004604,UMLS:C0013882, DOID:4976, ICD-11:1F66.3	ISBN:9788172361150
	Epilepsy	MESH:D004827,UMLS:C0014544, DOID:1826, ICD-11:8A6Z	ISBN:9770972795006, ISBN:9788172360481
	Exanthema	MESH:D005076,UMLS:C0015230	ISBN:9788172361150
	Expectorants	MESH:D005100,UMLS:C0015314	ISBN:9770972795006
	Fever	MESH:D005334,UMLS:C0015967, ICD-11:MG26	ISBN:9770972795006, ISBN:9788172361150
	Fractures, bone	MESH:D050723,UMLS:C0016658, ICD-11:ND56.2	ISBN:9788172360481
	Furunculosis	MESH:D005667,UMLS:C0016867, ICD-11:1B75.0	ISBN:9788172360481
	Gonorrhea	MESH:D006069,UMLS:C0018081, DOID:7551, ICD-11:1A7Z	ISBN:9770972795006
	Hemiplegia	MESH:D006429,UMLS:C0018991, DOID:10969, ICD-11:MB53.Z	ISBN:9788172360481
	Hemorrhage	MESH:D006470,UMLS:C0019080, ICD-11:MG27	ISBN:9770972795006, ISBN:9788172360481
	Hemorrhoids	MESH:D006484,UMLS:C0019112, DOID:9746, ICD-11:DB60.Z	ISBN:9770972795006, ISBN:9788172361150
	Laxatives	MESH:D054368,UMLS:C0282090, ICD-11:XM62T3	ISBN:9770972795006, Pharmacognosy Of Indigenous Drugs Volume I
	Leprosy	MESH:D007918,UMLS:C0023343, DOID:1024, ICD-11:1B20	ISBN:9770972795006
	Leukorrhea	MESH:D007973,UMLS:C0023533, DOID:3766, ICD-11:MF3A	ISBN:9770972795006
	Liver diseases	MESH:D008107,UMLS:C0023895, DOID:409, ICD-11:SA0Z	ISBN:9770972795006, Pharmacognosy Of Indigenous Drugs Volume I
	Neoplasms	MESH:D009369,UMLS:C0027651, DOID:162, ICD-11:2E2Z	ISBN:9770972795006, Pharmacognosy Of Indigenous Drugs Volume I
	Neuralgia	MESH:D009437,UMLS:C0027796, ICD-11:MG30.5Z	ISBN:9770972795006, ISBN:9788172360481
	Pain	MESH:D010146,UMLS:C0030193, ICD-11:MG3Z	ISBN:9770972795006, ISBN:9788172360481
	Pleurisy	MESH:D010998,UMLS:C0032231, DOID:10247, ICD-11:MD31	ISBN:9770972795006, ISBN:9788172360481
	Pneumonia	MESH:D011014,UMLS:C0032285, DOID:552, ICD-11:CA40.0Z	ISBN:9770972795006, ISBN:9788172360481
	Postnatal care	MESH:D011181,UMLS:C0032782	ISBN:9770972795006, ISBN:9788172360481
	Rabies	MESH:D011818,UMLS:C0034494, DOID:11260, ICD-11:1C82	ISBN:9788172360481
	General tonic for rejuvenation	MESH:D012060,UMLS:C0035016	ISBN:9770972795006
	Scabies	MESH:D012532,UMLS:C0036262, DOID:8295, ICD-11:1G04	ISBN:9770972795006, ISBN:9788172360481
	Scorpion stings	MESH:D065008,UMLS:C0238417, ICD-11:NE61	Contribution To The Medico-Botany Of East Godavari And West Godavari Districts Of Andhra Pradesh, ISBN:9770972795006
	Sepsis	MESH:D018805,UMLS:C0243026	ISBN:9788172360481
	Skin diseases	MESH:D012871,UMLS:C0037274, DOID:37, ICD-11:EM0Z	Pharmacognosy Of Indigenous Drugs Volume I
	Smallpox	MESH:D012899,UMLS:C0037354, DOID:8736, ICD-11:1E70	ISBN:9770972795006, ISBN:9788172360481
	Snake bites	MESH:D012909,UMLS:C0037379	ISBN:9770972795006
	Splenic diseases	MESH:D013158,UMLS:C0037997, DOID:2529, ICD-11:3B8Z	ISBN:9770972795006
	Splenomegaly	MESH:D013163,UMLS:C0038002, ICD-11:ME10.01	ISBN:9788172360481, Pharmacognosy Of Indigenous Drugs Volume I
	Sprains and strains	MESH:D013180,UMLS:C0038048	ISBN:9770972795006, ISBN:9788172360481
	Stomatitis, aphthous	MESH:D013281,UMLS:C0038363, DOID:9663, ICD-11:DA01.10	ISBN:9770972795006
	Syphilis	MESH:D013587,UMLS:C0039128, DOID:4166, ICD-11:1A6Z	ISBN:9770972795006, ISBN:9788172360481, ISBN:9788172361150
	Hydrocele	MESH:D006848,UMLS:C1720771, DOID:9912, ICD-11:GB00.Z	ISBN:9770972795006, ISBN:9788172360481, ISBN:9788172361150
	Tetanus	MESH:D013742,UMLS:C0039614, DOID:11338, ICD-11:1C13	ISBN:9770972795006, ISBN:9788172360481
	Tongue diseases	MESH:D014060,UMLS:C0040409, DOID:10944, ICD-11:DA03.Y	ISBN:9770972795006, ISBN:9788172360481
	Toothache	MESH:D014098,UMLS:C0040460, ICD-11:DA0A.Y	ISBN:9770972795006, ISBN:9788172361150
	Ulcer	MESH:D014456,UMLS:C0041582	ISBN:9770972795006, ISBN:9788172361150, Pharmacognosy Of Indigenous Drugs Volume I
	Urination disorders	MESH:D014555,UMLS:C0042035, ICD-11:GB0Y	ISBN:9788172360481
	Vitiligo	MESH:D014820,UMLS:C0042900, DOID:12306, ICD-11:ED63.0	ISBN:9770972795006
	Wounds and injuries	MESH:D014947,UMLS:C0043251	ISBN:9770972795006, ISBN:9788172361150